From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Interests: The Evolution of the International Relations System

Abstract

The article explores the fundamental transformation in modern international relations system functioning logic, which consists in the transition from the classical paradigm of the balance of power to a new configuration of the balance of interests. The author suggests that the dominant goal of states shifts from preventing the hegemony of any state actor to a complex process of coordinating often conflicting national interests, which includes both states and international institutions. To verify this thesis, the method of historical and structural analysis is used, which allows to trace the evolution of the balance of power system from its institutionalization to crisis moments. Based on a comparative study of the Westphalian, Vienna, Versailles-Washington, and Yalta-Potsdam systems, the study reveals limitations of the balance of power paradigm and the transition to a balance of interests. The following factors have been identified as key triggers for the observed shift: the complexity of the international system (the transition to polycentrism); globalization processes and the presence of global challenges; the enormous losses incurred from direct military action; and the increased interdependence of actors in the international arena. The article concludes that the current polycentric system of international relations is based on multilateral diplomacy and institutional cooperation to address the growing number of global challenges, from climate change and pandemics to the risks of cybercrime. Therefore, many issues on the international agenda cannot be resolved solely through military force. Cooperation between state actors is necessary to address key challenges. The author proposes scenarios for the development of the international relations system in the short, medium, and long term.