Основные тенденции партийного строительства в итальянском популизме Второй республики в свете проблемы партократии (1994–2022)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52575/2687-0967-2026-53-3-585-599Ключевые слова:
Италия, Вторая республика, популизм, Сильвио Берлускони, Умберто Босси, Антонио Ди Пьетро, Беппе Грилло, «Вперёд, Италия», «Лига Севера», «Движение пяти звёзд»Аннотация
В статье проанализированы основные тенденции партийного развития популистских партий Второй Итальянской Республики в период от её образования до выборов 2022 г. В контексте феномена популизма Италия представляет особый интерес как страна, в которой популисты стали доминирующей силой в партийно-политической системе, начиная с падения Первой республики. В начале 1990-х гг. рухнул режим, называемый его критиками «партократией» (partitocrazia), – режим массовых партий, опутывавших своими сетями всё итальянское общество второй половины XX в. В этой связи научный интерес представляет то, как популисты – активные критики партократии – проявили себя на почве строительства альтернативных форм политической организации вместо тех, которые были связаны с предыдущим режимом. На основе историко-сравнительного, контент- и дискурс-анализа выявлены основные определяющие черты популистских партий Второй республики, а также обнаружена не только новизна в формах партийной организации, но и значительная доля преемственности между критиками старых массовых партий и теми, кто их заменил.
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Albertazzi D., McDonnell D. 2005. The Lega Nord in the Second Berlusconi Government: In a League of its Own. West European Politics. 28(5): 952–972.
Barra L., Scaglioni M. 2013. Berlusconi’s Television, Before and After. The 1980s, Innovation and Conservation. Comunicazioni sociali. 35(1): 79–89.
Barraclough R. 1998. Umberto Bossi: Charisma, Personality and Leadership. Modern Italy. 3(2): 263–269.
Bobbio N. 1996. Tra due repubbliche. Alle origini della democrazia italiana. Roma, Donzelli, 160 p.
Bordignon F., Ceccarini L. 2018. Towards the 5 Star Party. Contemporary Italian Politics. 10(4): 346–362.
Braghiroli S., Verzichelli L., Bull D. 2010. Condemned to Ineffectiveness? The PD and IdV between Opposition and Coalition Strategies. Italian Politics. 26(1): 85–102.
Calise M. 1994. The Italian Particracy: Beyond President and Parliament. Political Science Quarterly. 109(3): 441–460.
Calise M. 2000. Il partito personale. Roma-Bari, Gius. Laterza & Figli, 176 p.
Corduwener P. 2019. Democracy and the Entanglement of Political Parties and the State: Party–State Relations in 20th-Century France, Italy, and Germany. Comparative Political Studies. 53(1): 40–70.
Corduwener P. 2022. The Italian Socialist Party and the Crisis of Party Democracy. The Transformation of the Italian Socialists. Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 28(2): 205–219.
Cotta M. 2016. Partitocracy: Parties and their Critics in Italian Political Life. The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Jones E., Pasquino G. (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41–52.
Deseriis M. 2017. Direct Parliamentarianism: An Analysis of the Political Values Embedded in Rousseau, the «Operating System» of the Five Star Movement. JeDEM – EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government. 9(2): 47–67.
Donovan M. 2015. Berlusconi's Impact and Legacy: Political Parties and the Party System. Modern Italy, 20(1): 11–24.
Durante R., Pinotti P., Tesei A. 2019. The Political Legacy of Entertainment TV. American Economic Review. 109(7): 2497–2530.
Forlenza R., Thomassen B. 2024. Italy's Christian Democracy: The Catholic Encounter with Political Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 281 p.
Ginsborg P. 2005. Silvio Berlusconi: Television, Power and Patrimony. London and New York, Verso, 195 p.
Haig F. 2020. Democratic Centralisms–Plural? A Comparative Analysis of Functional Communism in the French and Italian Communist Party Federations of Var and Gorizia, 1956, 53(3): 27–54.
Hopkin J. 2008. Decentralization and Party Organizational Change: The Case of Italy. London School of Economics. URL: https://personal.lse.ac.uk/hopkin/hopkin%20italy%20chapter.pdf (дата обращения: 12.07.2026).
Hopkin J., Paolucci C. 1999. The Business Firm Model of Party Organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy. European Journal of Political Research. 35: 307–339.
Krowel A. 2003. Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch-All Party. West European Politics. 26: 23–40.
Maraffi M. 1995. Forza Italia. La politica italiana. dizionario critico (1945–95). A cura di Gianfranco Pasquino. Roma: Laterza, 247–259.
Mariotti C. 2010. Silvio Berlusconi’s Party of Only Children: The Organizational Model of Forza Italia. Documentos de Trabajo Política y Gestión. 17: 1–28.
McDonnell D. 2013. Silvio Berlusconi’s Personal Parties: From Forza Italia to the Popolo Della Libertà. Political Studies. 61: 217–233.
Miriam A. Golden, Eric C. C. Chang. 2001. Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy. World Politics. 53(4): 588–622.
Mosca L. 2020. Democratic Vision and Online Participatory Spaces in the Italian Movimento 5 Stelle. Acta Politica. 6: 1–18.
Piccone P. 1991. Federal Populism in Italy. Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary. 90: 3–18.
Tronconi F. 2015. Beppe Grillo's Five Star Movement: Organisation, Communication and Ideology. London, Routledge, 254 p.
Tronconi F. 2018. The Italian Five Star Movement during the Crisis: Towards Normalisation? South European Society and Politics. 23(1): 63–180.
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