Classis Pontica in the Defense System of the Eastern Borders of the Roman Empire in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries: Evolution of Functions and Main Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52575/2687-0967-2026-53-3-535-543Keywords:
Classis Pontica, Late Roman Empire, navy, Notitia Dignitatum, Danubian limes, Goths, Sasanian Iran, defense of the East, ChersonesusAbstract
The article examines the profound transformation of the role and functions of the Roman military fleet Classis Pontica in the period from the fourth to the fifth century AD, when the Roman Empire faced a radical shift in foreign policy challenges. Based on a comprehensive analysis of data from the Notitia Dignitatum, narrative sources (Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimus), and archaeological materials, the evolution of the fleet is traced–from an instrument for supporting Roman-Persian wars to a key element in countering barbarian invasions from the north (Goths, and later Huns). Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the fleet's unit deployment, its integration into the system of border troops (limitanei), and its operational interaction with land forces within the framework of the “buffer zone” strategy. Specific adaptation mechanisms are examined: the shift to patrol service on light vessels, the blockade of key straits (the Cimmerian Bosporus), and the provision of logistics for isolated garrisons. In conclusion, it is argued that Classis Pontica became the most important component of the defensive system of the eastern provinces, ensuring the preservation of Roman control over the Black Sea region and the defense of the approaches to Constantinople during the Migration Period.
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